तुलनात्मक

न्याय दोष एवं पाश्चात्य तर्कदोष

Comparative Logic & Fallacy Mapping

While both the Nyaya school of Indian philosophy and Western informal logic seek to identify defective arguments, they approach fallacies from different foundational angles. Nyaya Hetvabhasas focus primarily on epistemological defects—how a proposed reason (Hetu) fails its formal causal connection to a target property (Sadhya). Western informal fallacies often focus on dialectical and rhetorical errors—how premises manipulate language, distract from the core issue, or attack participants. This cross-cultural mapping links the classical 5 Nyaya Hetvabhasas (and their primary sub-types) to equivalent Western formal and informal fallacies.

The reason (Hetu) is too broad or erratic—it leads to both the presence and absence of the target property (Sadhya), failing to prove a unique connection.

पाश्चात्य समकक्ष

Hasty Generalization / False Cause (Post Hoc) — Informal Fallacy of Unrepresentative Generalization
Maps closely to Sadharana Savyabhichara (too common). It asserts a universal connection based on a reason that occurs in unrelated or opposing situations.
Fallacy of the Undistributed Middle — Formal Syllogistic Fallacy
In formal logic, sharing a common middle term without proper distribution fails to establish an exclusive link, directly mirroring Savyabhichara.

तुलनात्मक उदाहरण

Nyaya: This hill has fire because it is knowable. (Defect: 'Knowability' applies to both fire and lakes.)

Western: Lions are mammals and dogs are mammals, therefore dogs are lions. (Defect: 'Mammal' is an undistributed middle term.)

The reason offered to prove a target property actually disproves it by establishing the exact opposite conclusion.

पाश्चात्य समकक्ष

Self-Defeating Argument / Internal Contradiction — Formal / Informal Fallacy of Inconsistency
Direct 1:1 equivalent. The premises offered logically refute the conclusion the arguer is attempting to establish.

तुलनात्मक उदाहरण

Nyaya: Sound is eternal because it is produced. (Defect: Being 'produced' inherently implies starting in time, proving impermanence.)

Western: There are absolute no universal truths. (Defect: The statement itself claims to be a universal truth, refuting its own assertion.)

An argument's reason is met with an equally valid counter-reason that establishes the opposite conclusion, creating an unresolved standoff.

पाश्चात्य समकक्ष

False Balance / Unresolved Dialectical Stalemate — Informal Fallacy of Relevance & Weight
Occurs when two competing inferences carry equal apparent weight without an independent tie-breaker (Pramana) to resolve which reason dominates.

तुलनात्मक उदाहरण

Nyaya: Arguer A: 'Sound is eternal because it is audible.' Arguer B: 'Sound is non-eternal because it is produced.'

Western: Expert A: 'Policy X reduces inflation based on Model 1.' Expert B: 'Policy X increases inflation based on Model 2.' (Without evaluating model validity, the debate is counterbalanced.)

The reason offered relies on an unproven, non-existent, or false premise (Paksha or Hetu), rendering the whole argument ungrounded.

पाश्चात्य समकक्ष

Begging the Question (Petitio Principii) / Circular Reasoning — Informal Fallacy of Presumption
Maps to Vyapyatvasiddha—assuming the relation between premise and conclusion without proving it first.
False Premise / Reification Fallacy — Informal Fallacy of Material Premise
Maps to Ashrayasiddha—basing an argument on a fictitious or unproven subject entity (e.g., arguing about the physical properties of ghosts).

तुलनात्मक उदाहरण

Nyaya: The sky-lotus is fragrant because it is a lotus. (Defect: 'Sky-lotus' does not exist.)

Western: Paranormal activity causes electronic glitches in this house because ghosts interfere with wiring. (Defect: Assumes the existence of ghosts as a premise.)

The conclusion reached by inference is directly contradicted and overruled by direct empirical perception (Pratyaksha) or stronger primary evidence.

पाश्चात्य समकक्ष

Empirical Refutation / Denial of Fact — Informal Fallacy of Empirical Violation
Directly equivalent. Inference cannot override direct, repeatable sensory evidence.

तुलनात्मक उदाहरण

Nyaya: Fire is cold because it is a substance. (Defect: Direct touch proves fire is hot; inference is overruled by Pratyaksha.)

Western: This room is pitch black because all lights are off. (Defect: Observed directly while standing in a brightly sunlit room.)

Intentionally playing on ambiguous words, metaphors, or generalizations to derail an opponent's argument.

पाश्चात्य समकक्ष

Equivocation Fallacy — Informal Fallacy of Ambiguity
Direct equivalent to Vak-chhala—exploiting homonyms or double meanings to distort the original claim.
Strawman Fallacy — Informal Rhetorical Fallacy
Maps to Upachara-chhala—taking a figurative or specific statement literally to create a ridiculous version of the claim to attack.

तुलनात्मक उदाहरण

Nyaya: Person A: 'That child has a new blanket (Nava-kambala).' Person B: 'No, he doesn't have nine (Nava) blankets, only one!' (Exploiting 'Nava' meaning both 'new' and 'nine').

Western: Person A: 'We need to manage our budget carefully.' Person B: 'So you're saying we should starve our employees?' (Distorting the claim into an extreme strawman).

Procedural and behavioral violations in debate—such as shifting goalposts, introducing irrelevant topics, or making personal attacks when cornered.

पाश्चात्य समकक्ष

Red Herring / Shifting Goalposts (Pratijnantara) — Informal Fallacy of Relevance
Maps to Pratijnantara (changing the thesis midway) and Arthantara (introducing irrelevant topics to avoid losing).
Ad Hominem — Informal Rhetorical Fallacy
Occurs when a debater abandons logical premises (Pratijna-sannyasa) and attacks the opponent personally to evade defeat.

तुलनात्मक उदाहरण

Nyaya: When caught in a logical contradiction about taxes, shifting the topic to attack the opponent's personal character or changing the definition of tax.

Western: A debater losing an argument on environmental policy suddenly brings up the opponent's past marriage history (Ad Hominem / Red Herring).

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